منابع مشابه
Aetiological factors in hypospadias.
Epidemiological and genetic variables in hypospadias were analysed during the years 1978 to 1983 in a case control study of congenital malformations in the Emilia Romagna region of northern Italy. During the observation period, in a sample of 41 078 male newborns, 168 had hypospadias giving a prevalence at birth of 4.1 in 1000 males. Hypospadias was divided into three types: type I or mild (75....
متن کاملMaternal and Gestational Risk Factors for Hypospadias
BACKGROUND An increase in the prevalence of hypospadias has been reported, but the environmental causes remain virtually unknown. OBJECTIVES Our goal was to assess the association between risk of hypospadias and indicators of placental function and endogenous hormone levels, exposure to exogenous hormones, maternal diet during pregnancy, and other environmental factors. METHODS We conducted...
متن کاملGenetic and environmental factors in hypospadias.
A case control study of hypospadias was performed from 1979 to 1987 in Alsace, north-eastern France. A total of 176 out of 60 847 male infants had hypospadias giving a prevalence at birth of 2.89 per 1000 male newborns; 15.3% of all infants with hypospadias also had other malformations. Renal and urinary tract malformations were present in 37.0% of the infants with hypospadias and other additio...
متن کاملThe Genetic and Environmental Factors Underlying Hypospadias.
Hypospadias results from a failure of urethral closure in the male phallus and affects 1 in 200-300 boys. It is thought to be due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. The development of the penis progresses in 2 stages: an initial hormone-independent phase and a secondary hormone-dependent phase. Here, we review the molecular pathways that contribute to each of these stages, d...
متن کاملPreconception care: nutritional risks and interventions
INTRODUCTION There is increasingly a double burden of under-nutrition and obesity in women of reproductive age. Preconception underweight or overweight, short stature and micronutrient deficiencies all contribute to excess maternal and fetal complications during pregnancy. METHODS A systematic review and meta-analysis of the evidence was conducted to ascertain the possible impact of preconcep...
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology
سال: 2012
ISSN: 0269-5022
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3016.2012.01272.x